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Classic usage
Reading level: hard
Estimated CEFR level: C1 — Advanced
Estimated from word frequency; not an official CEFR classification.
From Middle English bulwerk, from Middle Dutch bolwerk, bolwerc and Middle Low German bolwerk, equivalent to bole (“tree trunk”) + work. Cognate with German Bollwerk, Danish bolværk, Swedish bålverk, Dutch bolwerk. Doublet of boulevard (from French boulevard, from Dutch); cognate with Portuguese and Spanish baluarte and Italian baluardo.
rampart, wall
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Classic usage
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