turbulence

Estimated CEFR level: C2 — Proficiency

Estimated from word frequency; not an official CEFR classification.

Definition

noun unstable flow of a liquid or gas
noun instability in the atmosphere
noun a state of violent disturbance and disorder (as in politics or social conditions generally)

From Middle English turbulence (“turbidity, cloudiness”), from Late Latin turbulentia (“trouble, disquiet”). By surface analysis, turbulent + -ence.

Towards evening the turbulence increased. — Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself, Harriet A. (Harriet Ann) Jacobs
Their voices had a dusky turbulence. — Main Street, Sinclair Lewis
The turbulence of the dance increased as the respectable people were sifted out. — What Will People Say? A Novel, Rupert Hughes

turbulency

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